Chronic inflammation, increased leukotriene levels, elevated oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus and/or chronically elevated systemic inflammation can adversely affect cognitive, memory, and mood function either directly or indirectly through reduced neurogenesis. Importantly, these changes in the hippocampus were linked with incessantly elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in the circulating blood. Also, new neuron production in the hippocampus showed a persistent decrease.
These comprise chronic low-level inflammation with hypertrophied astrocytes and activated microglia, increased leukotriene signaling, elevated oxidative stress with activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2, a master regulator of oxidative stress), and mitochondrial dysfunction.
The dysfunction is exemplified by impairments in cognition, memory, and mood, in association with multiple cellular and molecular changes in the hippocampus. Moreover, studies in our laboratory have shown that combined exposure to low doses of chemicals PB (oral), PM (dermal), and DEET (dermal) with moderate stress for 4 weeks in rats causes chronic dysfunction of the hippocampus. Indeed, a report by the GWI Research Advisory Committee highlighted that the overall prevalence of GWI is higher in Veterans who used greater amounts of pesticides during the war. The pesticides included the insecticide permethrin (PM) and the insect repellant DEET.
#Insecticides and pesticides pyridostigmine bromide skin#
The measures included pesticide sprays around tents and insect repellents on the skin and the uniform. Combined exposures to PB and pesticides believed to have occurred because: (i) Veterans stationed in the battlefield areas consumed PB pills daily during the war as a protection against a possible nerve gas attack and (ii) pesticides and insect repellants were employed liberally to offset infectious diseases transmitted by insects and ticks in the desert. Although the precise cause of GWI is unclear, epidemiological and animal model studies imply that GWI in majority of first Gulf War Veterans is a result of exposure to multiple chemicals such as the nerve gas prophylactic drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and pesticides during the war. These are exemplified by cognitive and memory problems, depressive mood, and anxiety. Background: Impairments linked to the brain function are among the chief health problems seen in Gulf War Illness (GWI).
0 kommentar(er)
